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Disease Profile

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1

Prevalence
Prevalence estimates on Rare Medical Network websites are calculated based on data available from numerous sources, including US and European government statistics, the NIH, Orphanet, and published epidemiologic studies. Rare disease population data is recognized to be highly variable, and based on a wide variety of source data and methodologies, so the prevalence data on this site should be assumed to be estimated and cannot be considered to be absolutely correct.

1-9 / 1 000 000

US Estimated

Europe Estimated

Age of onset

Childhood

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ICD-10

D84.8

Inheritance

Autosomal dominant A pathogenic variant in only one gene copy in each cell is sufficient to cause an autosomal dominant disease.

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Autosomal recessive Pathogenic variants in both copies of each gene of the chromosome are needed to cause an autosomal recessive disease and observe the mutant phenotype.

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X-linked
dominant X-linked dominant inheritance, sometimes referred to as X-linked dominance, is a mode of genetic inheritance by which a dominant gene is carried on the X chromosome.

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X-linked
recessive Pathogenic variants in both copies of a gene on the X chromosome cause an X-linked recessive disorder.

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Mitochondrial or multigenic Mitochondrial genetic disorders can be caused by changes (mutations) in either the mitochondrial DNA or nuclear DNA that lead to dysfunction of the mitochondria and inadequate production of energy.

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Multigenic or multifactor Inheritance involving many factors, of which at least one is genetic but none is of overwhelming importance, as in the causation of a disease by multiple genetic and environmental factors.

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Not applicable

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Other names (AKA)

LAD; LAD 1; Lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 immunodeficiency;

Categories

Congenital and Genetic Diseases; Immune System Diseases

Summary

The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs.
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Orpha Number: 99842

Definition
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type I (LAD-I) is a form of LAD (see this term) characterized by life-threatening, recurrent bacterial infections.

Epidemiology
LAD-I affects 1 individual per million.

Clinical description
Usually the first signs occur in infancy or early childhood. Patients present recurrent, life-threatening bacterial infections of the skin, mouth, and respiratory tract. Delayed umbilical cord separation is common. Skin infections may evolve into large ulcers. Severe periodontitis is often present later in life and leads to early tooth loss. A lack of swelling, redness, heat, or pus is observed in the area of infection.

Etiology
LAD-I is caused by mutations in the ITGB2 gene (21q22.3), encoding the beta-2-integrin, CD18, which is essential for firm adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium. Severity of the disease correlates with the degree of CD18 deficiency.

Diagnostic methods
Diagnosis is based on complete blood counts revealing neutrophilic leukocytosis. Flow cytometric analyses reveal reduced CD18 expression on leukocytes. Genetic analyses of mutations in the ITGB2 gene confirm the diagnosis.

Differential diagnosis
Differential diagnoses include IRAK-4 deficiency, autosomal dominant hyper IgE syndrome, chronic granulomatous disease, other primary immunodeficiencies (see these terms) and a leukemoid reaction.

Antenatal diagnosis
Antenatal diagnosis is possible through biochemical or molecular analysis of chorionic villus cells or amniocytes in affected families for which the mutation has been identified. Flow cytometry can be performed at 20 weeks of gestation.

Genetic counseling
Transmission is autosomal recessive.

Management and treatment
Management should focus on controlling infections and includes antibiotics. Hematopoietic cell transplantation represents the only cure for LAD-I, but gene therapy may be available in the future.

Prognosis
Prognosis depends on the severity of the disease. Without hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, death in patients with severe LAD-I occurs from infection within the first 2 years of life, whereas patients with a moderate form of the disease have abetter chance of surviving into adulthood. Survival rate after bone marrow transplantation is 75%.

Visit the Orphanet disease page for more resources.

Symptoms

This table lists symptoms that people with this disease may have. For most diseases, symptoms will vary from person to person. People with the same disease may not have all the symptoms listed. This information comes from a database called the Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) . The HPO collects information on symptoms that have been described in medical resources. The HPO is updated regularly. Use the HPO ID to access more in-depth information about a symptom.

Medical Terms Other Names
Learn More:
HPO ID
5%-29% of people have these symptoms
Neonatal omphalitis
0032435
1%-4% of people have these symptoms
Delayed umbilical cord separation
0032434
Leukocytosis
Elevated white blood count
High white blood count
Increased blood leukocyte number

[ more ]

0001974
Osteomyelitis
Bone infection
0002754
Recurrent bacterial infections
Bacterial infections, recurrent
Frequent bacterial infections
Increased susceptibility to bacterial infections
Recurrent major bacterial infections

[ more ]

0002718
Skin ulcer
Open skin sore
0200042
Percent of people who have these symptoms is not available through HPO
Autosomal recessive inheritance
0000007
Gingivitis
Inflamed gums
Red and swollen gums

[ more ]

0000230
Periodontitis
0000704
Poor wound healing
0001058
Rectal abscess
0005224
Recurrent gram-negative bacterial infections
0005420
Recurrent staphylococcal infections
0007499

Diagnosis

Making a diagnosis for a genetic or rare disease can often be challenging. Healthcare professionals typically look at a person’s medical history, symptoms, physical exam, and laboratory test results in order to make a diagnosis. The following resources provide information relating to diagnosis and testing for this condition. If you have questions about getting a diagnosis, you should contact a healthcare professional.

Testing Resources

  • The Genetic Testing Registry (GTR) provides information about the genetic tests for this condition. The intended audience for the GTR is health care providers and researchers. Patients and consumers with specific questions about a genetic test should contact a health care provider or a genetics professional.

Learn more

These resources provide more information about this condition or associated symptoms. The in-depth resources contain medical and scientific language that may be hard to understand. You may want to review these resources with a medical professional.

Where to Start

  • Genetics Home Reference (GHR) contains information on Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1. This website is maintained by the National Library of Medicine.

In-Depth Information

  • The Monarch Initiative brings together data about this condition from humans and other species to help physicians and biomedical researchers. Monarch’s tools are designed to make it easier to compare the signs and symptoms (phenotypes) of different diseases and discover common features. This initiative is a collaboration between several academic institutions across the world and is funded by the National Institutes of Health. Visit the website to explore the biology of this condition.
  • Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders. Each entry has a summary of related medical articles. It is meant for health care professionals and researchers. OMIM is maintained by Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. 
  • Orphanet is a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Access to this database is free of charge.
  • PubMed is a searchable database of medical literature and lists journal articles that discuss Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1. Click on the link to view a sample search on this topic.